增强UV-B辐射对暖温带落叶阔叶林下土庄绣线菊水分生理和氮素利用及形态特性的影响

在中国北方大部分地区，水分始终是影响植物生长和分布的最主要限制性因子之一，植物在其生长期经常遭受水分胁迫。不仅如此，随着大气同温层中臭氧浓度的减少，过量的有害紫外辐射（主要是UV-B，280nm-320nm）将穿透大气层达到地球表面。随着全球变化的加剧，这些地区的植物将不可避免地受UV-B和水分胁迫的共同作用。 本实验是在北京东灵山暖温带森林生态系统中，选择常见灌丛土庄绣线菊(Spiraea pubescens)，建立UV-B控制实验。连续三个生长季每天增补9.4kJ•m-2的辐射剂量，模拟臭氧衰减17%时近地表面UV-B辐射的增强。本实验的目的是观测在野外环境下，长时间人工增强UV-B辐射对土庄绣线菊水分生理、氮素利用以及形态特征的影响。具体对以下指标进行测定：叶片的气孔导度、碳同位素比率（δ13 C）、叶含水量、叶面积、水分利用效率（WUE）、叶全氮含量、叶氮素再吸收率。 实验结果表明，增强UV-B辐射显著减少了土庄绣线菊的叶面积（50.1%），提高了叶片全氮含量(102%)，处理植株的氮素再吸收率比对照植株高出50.9%。同时，UV-B辐射还在一定程度上（尽管统计显示不显著）降低了气孔导度(16.1%)、胞间CO2浓度与大气CO2浓度之比(Ci/Ca) (4.0%)、提高了碳同位素比率（δ13 C）(20.5‰)、叶含水量(3.1%)及比叶重（SLW）(5.2%)，从而导致水分利用效率（WUE）的增加(4.1%)，植物的抗旱能力增强。值得注意的是，深层土壤（30-40cm）含水量变化会影响气孔导度、δ13 C、WUE对紫外辐射的响应程度：在土壤干旱的季节（6月和9月），气孔导度、δ13 C、WUE这些指标处理和对照的差异很小，但是当土壤水分充足时（7月和8月），处理和对照的差异就较为显著。另外，随着实验处理时间的延长UV-B的效应变得不显著。相关分析表明，UV-B辐射降低了土壤含水量（30-40cm）与土庄绣线菊叶含水量、δ13 C、Ci/Ca、气孔导度的相关系数，增强了WUE与土壤含水量的相关性，这也许是由于UV-B辐射增强了WUE对土壤水分变化的敏感性。本研究的结果表明UV-B辐射对土庄绣线菊的形态和生长有显著的影响，但对主要水分生理指标影响不显著。

EARLY MOTHER-INFANT RELATIONSHIPS OF MACACA-THIBETANA AT MT-EMEI CHINA

Quantitative data on early mother-infant relationships in the Tibetan macaque was collected during the first 23 weeks of infant life in spring, 1987, at Mt. Emei, China. During the first week of life, infants spent 98.3% of their time in ventroventral contact with their mothers. This contact rapidly decreased to 33.8% by the 4th week and thereafter to 0.85% by the 23rd week. Nipple contact decreased relatively slowly from 89.7% to 62.9% within the first 4 weeks of infant life and to 19.8% by the 23rd week. Ventrolateral and ventrodorsal contact appeared by the 2nd week, mean-while, maternal restraining behavior appeared, and reached a peak by the 3rd week. The mother neither encouraged nor discouraged her infant's independence during 4-8th weeks. Maternal rejection of the infant was first observed when the infant was 11 weeks old and continued thereafter.

Male-infant-male interactions in Tibetan macaques

Event-sampling and scans were used for collecting data on male-infant-male triadic interactions, and their effects on member spacing respectively in a group of Macaca thibetana at Mt. Emei in 1989. The group was partially provisioned by human visitors in seasons other than winter, and could be observed closely. In addition, a stable linear male-hierarchy among five males existed for two years since the end of 1987, providing a good social condition for this topic. The triadic interactions were specific to the birth season, and recognized as three types being on a continuum functionally changing from passive ''agonistic buffering'' (4.8%) to active spatial cohesion, which resulted in a significant decline of intermale distances. Positive correlations were documented between the triad initiation rate and the number of females in consort with the males in the mating season (MS), and between the triad reception rate and the number of infants in proximity to the males in the MS when maternal care was significantly reduced. Thus the male's mating effort and kin/sexual selection may deeply be involved in the triad of this species. Considering that the two triad-species, M. sylvanus and M. thibetana, had different levels of paternity, but shared similar foraging conditions, and showed similar intensities of male-infant caretaking, the triad was very likely a byproduct of male-infant caretaking, which was probably shaped to compensate heavy maternal investment to young offspring in harsh conditions. Accordingly, the long-term arguments about the triad in M. sylvanus can be united to a model of the way in which ''male-infant caretaking'' hypothesis works ultimately, and ''regulating social relations'' hypothesis does proximately.